We collected 19, of these responses. Finally, we asked people to rate each video along dimensions, including valence and arousal. We also included other dimensions that people think might be fundamental to emotion, in addition to valence and arousal, like how safe people feel. Each dimension was rated on a 9-point scale with 1 being very low, for example, very unsafe, and 9 being high, for example, very safe.
We collected a total of , of these responses. Collecting these three different types of responses is important because they capture different ways that people can describe their emotions. By analyzing the relationships between the different types of responses that we collected, we found that people reliably reported feeling at least 25 different kinds of emotion when they watched the videos. We did this using a mathematical technique that calculates the number of dimensions that are required to explain the different types of responses we received.
It turns out that we needed at least 25 dimensions, or patterns, to explain the data we collected. The patterns of emotion that we found corresponded to 25 different categories of emotion: admiration, adoration, appreciation of beauty, amusement, anger, anxiety, awe, awkwardness, boredom, calmness, confusion, craving, disgust, empathic pain, entrancement, excitement, fear, horror, interest, joy, nostalgia, relief, sadness, satisfaction, and surprise.
Finally, we found that even though most of the videos were just around 5 s long, many of them caused people to feel more than one category of emotion. In fact, a lot of the categories were blended together for many videos.
This challenges the view that emotions are totally separate, like the characters in Inside Out. Instead, emotions are more like colors. Just as there are many different colors in between red and green—like yellow, orange, brown, laser lemon, electric lime, and so on—there seem to be many different emotions in between fear and disgust.
To visualize the 25 different dimensions of emotion and the blends between them, we developed a technique to build an interactive map of the emotions caused by each video, using a new kind of mathematical technique [ 5 ]. In the map, each video is represented by a letter corresponding to the emotion it causes the most, a color corresponding to the exact blend of emotions that it causes, and a location near other videos that caused similar emotions.
You can think of each letter as similar to one of the glass orbs from the movie Inside Out , where the color of each glass orb represents the emotion associated with the memory it contains. The difference here is that there are 25 colors instead of 5, and there are also blends between colors. Hovering over each letter allows you to watch the video that it corresponds to.
Figure 1 shows a non-interactive version of the map. We found that the structure of emotion is more complex than many scientists thought. Scientists who believed emotional experiences existed as just five or six basic categories, like the characters in Inside Out , were half correct.
They were right in thinking that emotions are best represented as categories, like anger and fear. But they underestimated the number of distinct categories. Also, they were wrong in thinking that these categories were completely independent, like the characters in the movie.
Instead, many emotions can be blended together. The universal function of fear is to avoid or reduce harm. The immediate threat of harm focuses our attention, mobilizing us to cope with the danger.
In this way, fear can actually save our lives by forcing us to react without having to think about it e. The evolutionary preset actions of fear include fight, flight and freezing. Whereas some people find fear nearly intolerable and avoid the emotion at all costs, others experience pleasure from feeling fear and seek it out i. It takes a well-developed capacity for compassion to respect, feel sympathetic toward, and patiently reassure someone who is afraid of something we are not afraid of most of us dismiss such fears.
We do not need to feel another person's fear to accept it and help them cope. Learn to recognize and respond to the emotional expressions of others with our online micro expressions training tools to increase your ability to detect deception and catch subtle emotional cues. Expand your knowledge of emotional skills and competencies with in-person workshops offered through Paul Ekman International. Delve into personal exploration and transformation with Cultivating Emotional Balance.
Build your emotional vocabulary with the Atlas of Emotions , a free, interactive learning tool created by Drs. Paul and Eve Ekman at the request of the Dalai Lama. Read Dr. Introduce the world of emotions to children in a fun way with Dr. Happiness and longevity in the United States. Soc Sci Med. Depression gets old fast: do stress and depression accelerate cell aging? Depress Anxiety. Harv Rev Psychiatry. Adolphs R. The biology of fear.
Curr Biol. Disgust as a disease-avoidance mechanism. Psychol Bull. Anger and health risk behaviors. J Med Life. Gottlieb MM. Ortony A, Turner TJ. What's basic about basic emotions? Psychol Rev. Anwar Y. Emoji fans take heart: Scientists pinpoint 27 states of emotion. Berkeley News. Your Privacy Rights.
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I Accept Show Purposes. Basic Emotions During the s, psychologist Paul Eckman identified six basic emotions that he suggested were universally experienced in all human cultures. Happiness Of all the different types of emotions, happiness tends to be the one that people strive for the most.
This type of emotion is sometimes expressed through: Facial expressions : such as smiling Body language : such as a relaxed stance Tone of voice : an upbeat, pleasant way of speaking While happiness is considered one of the basic human emotions, the things we think will create happiness tend to be heavily influenced by culture.
Sadness Sadness is another type of emotion often defined as a transient emotional state characterized by feelings of disappointment, grief , hopelessness, disinterest, and dampened mood. Sadness can be expressed in a number of ways including: Crying Dampened mood Lethargy Quietness Withdrawal from others The type and severity of sadness can vary depending upon the root cause, and how people cope with such feelings can also differ.
Fear Fear is a powerful emotion that can also play an important role in survival. Expressions of this type of emotion can include: Facial expressions : such as widening the eyes and pulling back the chin Body language : attempts to hide or flea from the threat Physiological reactions : such as rapid breathing and heartbeat Of course, not everyone experiences fear in the same way. Disgust Disgust is another of the original six basic emotions described by Eckman.
Disgust can be displayed in a number of ways including: Body language : turning away from the object of disgust Physical reactions : such as vomiting or retching Facial expressions : such as wrinkling the nose and curling the upper lip This sense of revulsion can originate from a number of things, including an unpleasant taste, sight, or smell.
Anger Anger can be a particularly powerful emotion characterized by feelings of hostility, agitation, frustration, and antagonism towards others. Anger is often displayed through: Facial expressions : such as frowning or glaring Body language : such as taking a strong stance or turning away Tone of voice : such as speaking gruffly or yelling Physiological responses : such as sweating or turning red Aggressive behaviors : such as hitting, kicking, or throwing objects While anger is often thought of as a negative emotion, it can sometimes be a good thing.
Surprise Surprise is another one of the six basic types of human emotions originally described by Eckman. Surprise is often characterized by: Facial expressions : such as raising the brows, widening the eyes, and opening the mouth Physical responses : such as jumping back Verbal reactions : such as yelling, screaming, or gasping Surprise is another type of emotion that can trigger the fight or flight response. Other Types of Emotions The six basic emotions described by Eckman are just a portion of the many different types of emotions that people are capable of experiencing.
Some of the emotions he later identified included: Amusement Contempt Contentment Embarrassment Excitement Guilt Pride in achievement Relief Satisfaction Shame Other Theories of Emotion As with many concepts in psychology, not all theorists agree on how to classify emotions or what the basic emotions actually are.
Was this page helpful? Thanks for your feedback! Sign Up. What are your concerns? Verywell Mind uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. As the alphabetical list approaches his name, he gets increasingly afraid he might be on it. The words fear and anxiety are often used interchangeably in everyday language.
They both deal with uncertain events in the future, and they both put the person experiencing them in a state of readiness to deal with the threat. However, the difference between them among the most often emphasized in emotion psychology.
The most important difference is what kind of threat they are responding to. Fear is evoked by concrete, immediate, and usually sudden threats like a fast-approaching car , whereas anxiety is evoked by uncertainty of potential, unidentified threats such as the possibility to catch a nasty disease.
In case of fear, the body has a clear way to react — getting away from the threat. In case of anxiety, however, there is not a clear threat, so there is nothing to get away from. Instead, people become very vigilant and scan the surroundings for more information.
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